Основы перспективной методики комплексных исследований влияния авроральных характеристик полярной ионосферы на условия распространения трансполярных сигналов. Обзор зарубежных экспериментов и результаты некоторых моделей

Основы перспективной методики комплексных исследований влияния авроральных характеристик полярной ионосферы на условия распространения трансполярных сигналов. Обзор зарубежных экспериментов и результаты некоторых моделей
Номер: 32 Год: 2021 Страницы: 3-60

УДК: 550.388.2; 550.388.8; 551.594.5

EDN: JFKNJZ

Автор(ы):

Кузьмин Александр Константинович¹, e-mail: alkkuzmin@mail.ru Мерзлый Алексей Михайлович¹, e-mail: pinega142@yandex.ru Никифоров Олег Вячеславович¹, e-mail: gelokin2201@gmail.com Петрукович Анатолий Алексеевич¹, e-mail: apetruko@iki.rssi.ru Садовский Андрей Михайлович¹, e-mail: asadovsk@iki.rssi.ru

Позин Анатолий Александрович², e-mail: pozin@rpaty.phoon.ru Щукин Юрий Александрович², e-mail: schukin@rpaty.phoo.ru Потанин Юрий Николаевич³, e-mail: oom@cao-rhms.ru

Учреждения:
1 — ИКИ РАН, г. Москва, Россия
2 — НПО Тайфун, г. Обнинск, Россия
3 — ЦАО Росгидромет, г. Долгопрудный, Россия

Аннотация:
В контексте статьи рассматривается современное состояние исследований характеристик полярной ионосферы. Спектр разнообразия масштабов авроральных структур, которые могут встречаться на пути сигналов в ионосфере, иллюстрируется примерами авроральных изображений и характеристик плазмы, полученных с разных орбит КА, с поверхности Земли и зондирующих ракет. Рассматриваются конкретные примеры результатов орбитальных, ракетных и наземных измерений характеристик полярной ионосферы, сопровождающих генерацию неоднородностей электронной концентрации и сцинтилляции трансполярных сигналов, полученные конкретными авторами и группами различных лабораторий в полярных областях ионосферы в различных электродинамических условиях. Анализируются некоторые результаты современных моделей генерации неоднородностей в каспе и полярной шапке, как причин сцинтилляций распространяющихся сигналов. Вопрос: почему генерация сцинтилляций сигналов GNSS возникает при протыкании ими одних авроральных структур и не возникает при протыкании других остаётся. Ответ на него, наиболее вероятно, связан с условиями генерации и развития плазменных неустойчивостей, приводящих к образованию структур плазменных неоднородностей с масштабом от нескольких сантиметров до нескольких десятков километров разных масштабов в разных слоях ионосферы, разных секторах MLT полярной ионосферы, и разных условиях ММП. Как, с помощью каких средств диагностики и с помощью каких моделей, в каких конкретных наборах условий необходимо получать и анализировать информацию о состоянии локальных областей среды это задача, решение которой позволит в будущем научиться предсказывать условия распространения трансполярных сигналов. Поэтому для перспективных исследований необходима методическая основа развития технологий постановки экспериментов, нацеленных как на глобальные, так и на локальные комплексные наблюдения авроральных структур, продольных и замыкающих токов, характеристик неоднородностей в плазме в разных слоях ионосферы, и их влияния на условия распространения волн на частотах, используемых орбитальными навигационными и другими системами.

Ключевые слова: ПОЛЯРНАЯ ИОНОСФЕРА, НЕОДНОРОДНОСТИ, АВРОРАЛЬНЫЕ ЭМИССИИ, ОРБИТАЛЬНАЯ ДИАГНОСТИКА, КОНТРОЛЬ СОСТОЯНИЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК, КОСМИЧЕСКАЯ ПОГОДА, УСЛОВИЯ РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ ТРАНСПОЛЯРНЫХ СИГНАЛОВ, МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ НЕОДНОРОДНОСТЕЙ ИОНОСФЕРЫ И СЦИНТИЛЛЯЦИЙ

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Foundations of the perspective methodology of complex studies of the influence of auroral characteristics of the polar ionosphere on the conditions of propagation of transpolar signals. Review of foreign experiments and results of some models
Number: 32 Year: 2021 Pages: 3-60

Kuzmin Alexander Konstantinovich¹, e-mail: alkkuzmin@mail.ru

Merzlyi Alexei Mikhailovich¹, e-mail: pinega142@yandex.ru

Nikiforov Oleg Vyacheslavovich¹, e-mail: gelokin2201@gmail.com Petrukovich Anatoly Alekseevich¹, e-mail: apetruko@iki.rssi.ru Sadovsky Andrey Mikhailovich¹, e-mail: asadovsk@iki.rssi.ru

Pozin Anatoly Alexandrovich², e-mail: pozin@rpaty.phoon.ru

Shchukin Yuri Alexandrovich², e-mail: schukin@rpaty.phoo.ru Potanin Yuri Nikolaevich³, e-mail: oom@cao-rhms.ru

Institutions:
1 — IKI RAS, Moscow, Russia
2 — NGO Typhoon, Obninsk, Russia
3 — Central Administrative District of Roshydromet, Dolgoprudny, Russia

Abstract
In the context of the article, the current state of research on the characteristics of the polar ionosphere is considered. The spectrum of the variety of scales of auroral structures that can occur on the path of signals in the ionosphere is illustrated by examples of auroral images and plasma characteristics obtained from different spacecraft orbits, from the Earth's surface and sounding rockets. Specific examples of the results of orbital, rocket and ground measurements of the characteristics of the polar ionosphere accompanying the generation of electron density irregularities and the scintillation of transpolar signals obtained by specific authors and groups of different laboratories in the polar regions of the ionosphere under various electrodynamic conditions are considered. Some results of modern models of generation of irregularities in the cusp and polar cap as the causes of scintillation of propagating signals are analyzed. Question: "Why does the generation of scintillations of GNSS signals occur when they "pierce" some auroral structures and does not arise when "piercing" others?" - remains. The answer to it is most likely associated with the conditions for the generation and development of plasma instabilities, leading to the formation of structures of plasma inhomogeneities with a scale from several centimeters to several tens of kilometers of different scales in different layers of the ionosphere, different MLT sectors of the polar ionosphere, and different IMF conditions. How, with the help of what diagnostic tools and with the help of what models, in what specific sets of conditions it is necessary to obtain and analyze information about the state of local areas of the environment - this is a problem, the solution of which will allow in the future to learn how to predict the propagation conditions of transpolar signals. Therefore, promising research requires a methodological basis for the development of technologies for setting up experiments aimed at both global and local complex observations of auroral structures, longitudinal and closing currents, characteristics of plasma inhomogeneities in different layers of the ionosphere, and their influence on the conditions of wave propagation at frequencies, used by orbital navigation and other systems.

Keywords: POLAR IONOSPHERE, INHOMOGENEITY, AURORAL EMISSIONS, ORBITAL DIAGNOSTICS, CHARACTERISTICS STATE CONTROL, SPACE WEATHER, PROPAGATION CONDITIONS OF TRANSPOLAR SIGNALS, MODELING OF IONOSPHERE IRREGULARITIES AND SCINTILLATIONS

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